High-rate electrochemical energy storage through Li+ intercalation pseudocapacitance

Abstract

Pseudocapacitance is commonly associated with surface or near-surface reversible redox reactions, as observed with RuO₂·xH₂O in an acidic electrolyte. However, we recently demonstrated that a pseudocapacitive mechanism occurs when lithium ions are inserted into mesoporous and nanocrystal films of orthorhombic Nb₂O₅ (T-Nb₂O₅; refs 1, 2). Here, we quantify the kinetics of charge storage in T-Nb₂O₅: currents that vary inversely with time, charge-storage capacity that is mostly independent of rate, and redox peaks that exhibit small voltage offsets even at high rates. We also define the structural characteristics necessary for this process, termed intercalation pseudocapacitance, which are a crystalline network that offers two-dimensional transport pathways and little structural change on intercalation. The principal benefit realized from intercalation pseudocapacitance is that high levels of charge storage are achieved within short periods of time because there are no limitations from solid-state diffusion. Thick electrodes (up to 40 μm thick) prepared with T-Nb₂O₅ offer the promise of exploiting intercalation pseudocapacitance to obtain high-rate charge-storage devices.