G‐Quartets 40 Years Later: From 5′‐GMP to Molecular Biology and Supramolecular Chemistry

Abstract

Molecular self‐assembly is central to many processes in both biology and supramolecular chemistry. The G‐quartet, a hydrogen‐bonded macrocycle formed by cation‐templated assembly of guanosine, was first identified in 1962 as the basis for the aggregation of 5′‐guanosine monophosphate. We now know that many nucleosides, oligonucleotides, and synthetic derivatives form a rich array of functional G‐quartets. The G‐quartet surfaces in areas ranging from structural biology and medicinal chemistry to supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology. This Review integrates and summarizes knowledge gained from these different areas, with emphasis on G‐quartet structure, function, and molecular recognition.