An understanding of the basic mechanics and statistical variables of the contact roller test as it is applied to surface fatigue phenomena was obtained. One hundred ninety-four contact rollers of AISI 52100 bearing quality steel were tested to establish dispersion limits. No significant fatigue differences were indicated for heats, bars, or test replications among steels of similar quality, composition, and heat-treatment. A statistical evaluation of results points to the contact roller test as a suitable means for studying significant variables that pertain to both the theoretical and material aspects of antifriction bearings. Stresses in the contact surfaces based on the orthogonal shear-stress theories showed good correlation with fatigue life.