Epidemiologic studies have shown that both melanoma incidence and mortality are doubling every 10–17 years, even though currently available information on melanoma etiology and natural history should permit effective prevention and early (curative) therapeutic measures. Recent studies at the National Cancer Institute have identified an important familial syndrome called the dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS), which is characterized by a high risk for cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), arising in a precancerous mole. Recognition of this precancerous lesion, called the dysplastic nevus, may help facilitate disease control efforts. Using the nursing process, nurses can play a key role in: 1) identifying individuals who have this abnormal mole pattern, 2) educating patients about melanoma risk-reduction methods, and 3) coordinating pigmented lesion surveillance programs aimed at both primary prevention and earlier detection and treatment of melanoma. With appropriate diagnosis, education, and counseling, the mortality from melanoma should be avoidable in high-risk individuals.