Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) in serum during induction treatment of acute leukaemia

Abstract

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) are increasingly used to stimulate granulopoiesis in neutropenic patients but in most cases without any knowledge of the endogenous CSF-levels. With the purpose to define serum levels of GM-CSF and G-CSF during induction chemotherapy and haematological reconstitution in patients with acute leukaemia we have used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques to measure these growth factors in 18 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and eight patients with acute lymphoblastic or undifferentiated leukaemia (ALL/AUL). G-CSF above 0.05 ng/ml was detected in 54% of the analysed AML samples, median 0.29 (range 0.05-2.80) ng/ml; and in 40% of analysed ALL/AUL samples, median 0.09 (range 0.05-3.00) ng/ml. In patients with AML there was a clear correlation between an elevated serum concentration of G-CSF and documented infections. On the other hand, 15/18 of the patients with acute myeloid leukaemia and 8/8 patients with ALL/AUL had non-detectable levels of GM-CSF (less than 0.10 ng/ml). Two patients had measurable levels of GM-CSF in all samples, median 0.71 (range 0.26-1.18) ng/ml and in these patients the levels successively decreased during and after chemotherapy and did not increase in response to infections. In normals detectable levels of GM-CSF were found in 2/35 individuals and G-CSF in 0/10 individuals.