The possible differences in specific CNS functions in 2 groups of divers were studied, divers with a history of diving accidents (accident group, n = 9) and accident-free divers (non-accident group, n = 15). Both groups were characterized with a mean I.Q. level (WAIS) within the normal range. Of the 9 accident group divers, 8 showed abnormalities on neuropsychological tests implicating lesions on higher CNS levels. In addition, 5 of the accident group divers had a syndrome of subcortical/limbic dysfunctions: specific memory deficits, low autonomic reactivity, sustained attention problems and emotional lability. A severe diving accident may lead to cerebral dysfunctions. Divers with average intellectual levels can develop specific CNS dysfunctions after a near miss diving accident. A combined effect of emboli with multifocal lesions and/or a more specific effect on limbic structures represent the pathophysiology of a severe near-miss diving accident.