Antioxidant and pro-oxidant properties of active rosemary constituents: carnosol and carnosic acid

Abstract

1. Carnosol and carnosic acid have been suggested to account for over 90% of the antioxidant properties of rosemary extract. 2. Purified carnosol and carnosic acid are powerful inhibitors of lipid peroxidation in microsomal and liposomal systems, more effective than propyl gallate. 3. Carnosol and carnosic acid are good scavengers of peroxyl radicals (CCl₃O₂) generated by pulse radiolysis, with calculated rate constants of 1–3 × 10⁶M^-1 S^-1 and 2.7 × 10⁷M^-1 S^-1 respectively. 4. Carnosic acid reacted with HOCl in such a way as to protect the protein α₁-antiproteinase against inactivation. 5. Both carnosol and carnosic acid stimulated DNA damage in the bleomycin assay but they scavenged hydroxyl radicals in the deoxyribose assay. The calculated rate constants for reaction with ·OH in the deoxyribose system for carnosol and carnosic acid were 8.7 × 10¹⁰M^-1 and 5.9 × 10¹⁰M^-1 S^-1 respectively. 6. Carnosic acid appears to scavenge H₂O₂, but it could also act as a substrate for the peroxidase system. 7. Carnosic acid and carnosol reduce cytochrome c but with a rate constant significantly lower than that of O^-.₂.