Information was obtained from 2,380 couples in 1,197 households in rural areas in the Banaras Tehsil of the State of Uttar Pradesh in India. These individuals were divided into 4 social classes on the basis of caste or occupation. The first 3 classes included all of the Hindus while all non-Hindu, virtually all of whom were Muslins, were grouped in the 4th class. These classes varied in percent of male literacy, percent of vegetarians in the group, and in possession of land. A study of effective marriage years in these groups showed that fertility differentials are almost absent for the 1st 15 years of effective marriage but after that time fertility continues in Classes II, III and IV but is markedly reduced in Class L When surviving children are considered, the higher fertility of couples in Classes II, III and IV compensated for the higher mortality in these groups so that in the end these couples tend to have about the same number of children as those in Class I where fertility is lower but mortality is also lower. Fertility was not affected by literacy of the husband except as literacy is related to social class. Literacy in the wives seemed to tend to lower fertility but only 24 of the wives studied were literate. Vegetarians showed no differential in fertility from meat and fish eaters. Many of the husbands worked in places away from their homes and were away a great part of the time. Such couples showed lower fertility than couples in which the husband had work locally. Attitude toward birth control was investigated and of those to whom such information is available, 8.3% approved, 62.0% are indifferent and 29.7% disapproved. This had little effect on fertility because the mere approval of birth control in India does not mean that the individual has access to it.