Nitric Oxide–Induced Apoptosis in Lymphoblastoid and Fibroblast Cells Dependent on the Phosphorylation and Activation of p53

Abstract

When nitric oxide (NO) is produced at micromolar concentrations, as during inflammation, exposure to surrounding cells is potentially cytotoxic. The NO-dependent signaling pathways that initiate cell death are thought to involve the tumor suppressor protein p53, but the degree to which this factor contributes to NO-induced cell death is less clear. Various reports either confirm or negate a role for p53 depending on the cell type and NO donor used. In this study, we have used several pairs of cell lines whose only differences are the presence or absence of p53, and we have treated these cell lines with the same NO donor, spermineNONOate (SPER/NO). Treatment with SPER/NO induced such apoptotic markers as DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, cytochrome c release, and Annexin V staining. p53 was required for at least 50% of SPER/NO-induced apoptotic cell death in human lymphoblastoid cells and for almost all in primary and E1A-tranformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts, which highlights the possible importance of DNA damage for apoptotic signaling in fibroblasts. In contrast, p53 did not play a significant role in NO-induced necrosis. NO treatment also induced the phosphorylation of p53 at Ser¹⁵; pretreatment with phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) family inhibitors, wortmannin, LY294002, and caffeine, blocked such phosphorylation, but the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, SB203580, did not. Pretreatment with the PI3K family inhibitors also led to a switch from NO-induced apoptosis to necrosis, which implicates a PI3K-related kinase such as ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) or ATR (ATM and Rad3 related) in p53-dependent NO-induced apoptosis.