Functional interactions between the proline-rich and repeat regions of tau enhance microtubule binding and assembly.

Abstract

Glycerophosphoinositols are phosphoinositide metabolites whose levels are constitutively elevated in Ras-transformed cells. Here, we show that one of these compounds, glycerophosphoinositol-4-phosphate (GroPIns-4-P) responds acutely to the stimulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, with a fast, massive and transient increase. The mechanism leading to GroPIns-4-P formation involves the activation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase and the small GTP-binding protein Rac, since GroPIns-4-P was neither formed in cells expressing the dominant negative form of Rac nor in cells treated with the phosphoinositide-3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin. GroPIns-4-P has been previously shown to inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Accordingly, epidermal growth factor also decreased the basal, cholera toxin-stimulated, and forskolin-stimulated cyclic AMP levels with kinetics similar to those of GroPIns-4-P formation, suggesting that GroPIns-4-P mediates this inhibitory effect. The hormone-induced formation of GroPIns-4-P was detected in several cell lines of various origin, suggesting that GroPIns-4-P is a novel intracellular messenger of the Ras pathway, possibly able to convey information from tyrosine kinase receptors to the cyclic AMP cascade.