Effects of calcium and potassium supplements on arterial tone in vitro in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Abstract

Calcium and potassium intakes inversely correlate with blood pressure in experimental hypertension. Therefore, we examined the effects of calcium and potassium supplements alone and in combination on arterial tone in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats served as normotensive controls. Calcium and potassium contents in the control diet were both 1%, while those in supplemented chows were 3% and 3.5%, respectively. The sodium content of all diets was moderately elevated to 1.1%. After 12 weeks of the study systolic blood pressures in SHR on high calcium and on high potassium diets were markedly lower (about 53 and 58 mmHg, respectively) than in hypertensive controls, while combined supplementation of these cations reduced blood pressure even further (about 69 mmHg). Responses of mesenteric arterial rings in vitro were examined at the end of the study. Both high calcium and high potassium diets improved the impaired relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) in SHR, while the combination of these supplements completely normalized this response. Cyclo‐oxygenase inhibition by diclofenac augmented the relaxation to ACh in hypertensive controls but not in the other groups. Nevertheless, enhanced endothelium‐mediated dilatation was still observed in the presence of diclofenac and the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N^G‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) in all supplemented groups. Interestingly, additional blockade of Ca²⁺‐activated K⁺ channels by tetraethylammonium abolished the improved relaxation to ACh in SHR on high calcium and on high potassium, but distinct responses were still observed in WKY rats and SHR on the combined supplement. When hyperpolarization of smooth muscle was prevented by precontraction of the preparations with 50 mM KCl, only marginal differences were observed in the diclofenac and L‐NAME‐resistant relaxations to ACh between the study groups. Finally, endothelium‐independent vasorelaxations of noradrenaline‐precontracted rings to nitroprusside, isoprenaline and cromakalim were comparably augmented by all supplements. In conclusion, the vascular mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effect of high calcium and high potassium diets during moderately elevated sodium intake in SHR may involve enhanced arterial hyperpolarization, increased smooth muscle sensitivity to nitric oxide and decreased production of vasoconstrictor prostanoids. The administration of these cations in combination was more effective than either of them alone in reducing blood pressure and restoring arterial tone.