Manipulations of GABA function have been found to produce highly variable effects in animal models of anxiety. In the present series, an ethological version of the murine elevated plus-maze was used to examine in detail the behavioural profiles of diazepam (1.5 mg/kg; positive control) and a range of GABA-related compounds: valproic acid (100–400 mg/kg), No-711 (1.25–10.0 mg/kg), muscimol (0.5–3.0 mg/ kg), (+)bicuculline (4.0–8.0 mg/kg), picrotoxin (0.25– 2.0 mg/kg), R(+)baclofen (0.375–3.0 mg/kg) and CGP 35348 (25–200 mg/kg). On both conventional and ethological indices, results confirmed the anxiolytic profile of diazepam under present test conditions, and revealed substantially similar effects for the GABA-T inhibitor, valproic acid (100–400 mg/kg), and the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol (2 mg/kg). The GABA reuptake inhibitor, No-711, produced weak anxiolytic-like effects at low doses (1.25–2.5 mg/kg) but disrupted behaviour at the highest dose tested (10 mg/ kg). Although the GABAA receptor antagonists, (+)bicuculline and picrotoxin, produced changes indicative of anxiety enhancement, concomitant behavioural suppression was evident at high doses (8 mg/kg and 1–2 mg/kg, respectively). Further studies suggested that the effects observed with bicuculline may be mediated by an active metabolite, such as bicucine. In contrast to the effects of valproic acid and direct GABAA receptor manipulations, the GABAB receptor agonist, R(+) baclofen, non-specifically disrupted behaviour at the highest dose tested (3 mg/kg) while the GABAB receptor antagonist, CGP 35348, was inactive over the dose range studied. Although present data confirm the sensitivity of the plus-maze to agents which modify GABAA receptor function, further studies will be required in order more fully to characterize this relationship.