Blood-brain barrier disruption and exacerbation of ischemic brain edema after restoration of blood flow in experimental focal cerebral ischemia

Abstract

The mechanism of exacerbation of ischemic brain edema after blood flow restoration was studied in 20 cats under ketamine and alpha-chloralose anesthesia. Regional cerebral blood flow was measured by the hydrogen clearance method, and the left middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 6 h in group A, and for 3 h with subsequent 3 h recirculation in group B. Severity of brain edema was assessed by specific gravity measurement of tissue samples taken from coronal brain sections at the MCA area, while severity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption was determined by measuring the amount of extravasated serum albumin by using [¹²⁵I]albumin and tissue-uptake method in the same samples as those used for gravimetry. Structural and ultrastructural change was correlated with the severity of ischemic brain edema and BBB disruption. The results obtained showed that: (i) ischemic brain edema observed in group A was not associated with BBB opening to serum proteins; (ii) ischemic edema in group B was exacerbated significantly after recirculation in correlation with serum protein extravasation in most of the postischemic area; (iii) in the severely edematous area, serum protein extravasation reached a plateau and morphological examination at this type of area revealed cell membrane disruption especially of astrocytes, with leakage of intracellular substances. Our study indicated that the increase of extracellular osmotic pressure due to leakage of serum proteins via the disrupted BBB and of intracellular substances via the ischemically injured cell membrane into the extracellular space is the mechanism responsible for edema fluid accumulation in exacerbated ischemic brain edema.