A Comparison of Montane and Lowland Rain Forest in Ecuador I. The Forest Structure, Physiognomy, and Floristics

Abstract

Detailed study of montane and lowland areas at 1710 m and 380 m is presented with supporting data from three other lowland plots. Structure of two forests is very similar. New analysis of forest stratification is presented. Stratification of heights of species and individuals and of canopy volume and mass is discussed and related to profile diagrams and the regeneration pattern. In both forests mesophyll sensu Raunkiaer is the commonest leaf size. Both have strong floristic affinities with Amazonia hylaea, montane has Andean element too. Revised system of synusiae of epiphytes and climbers is given with detailed analysis of numbers of species and individuals in different taxonomic groups and height zones of canopy. Montane has many more skiophytic epiphytes and lowland much bigger photophytic climbers. Three tropical rain forest formation-types are recognized: Lowland, Lower Montane and Upper Montane.