Water of hydration in the intra- and extra-cellular environment of human erythrocytes

Abstract

The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titration method (which requires measurement of the relaxation rate at multiple measured levels of dehydration) was applied to the analysis of human erythrocytes, a hemoglobin solution, plasma, and serum. The results allowed identification of bulk water and four motionally perturbed water of hydration subfractions. Based on previous NMR studies of homopolypeptides we designated these subfractions as superbound, irrotationally bound, rotationally bound, and structured. The total water of hydration (sum of both structured and bound water subfractions) in plasma, serum, and hemoglobin ranged from 2.78 to 3.77 g H₂O/g dry mass and the sum of the three bound water subfractions ranged from 1.23 to 1.72 g H₂O/g dry mass. The total water of hydration on hemoglobin, as determined by (i) spin-lattice (T₁) and spin-spin (T₂) NMR data, (ii) quench ice-crystal imprint size, (iii) calculations based on osmotic pressure data, and (iv) two other methods, ranged from 2.26 to 3.45 g H₂O/g dry mass. In contrast, the estimates of total water of hydration in the intact erythrocyte ranged from 0.34 to 1.44 g H₂O/g dry mass, as determined by osmotic activity and spin-lattice titration, respectively. Studies on the magnetic-field dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T₁ρ) of solvent water nuclei in protein solutions and in intact and disrupted erythrocytes indicated that hemoglobin aggregation exists in the intact erythrocytes and that erythrocyte disruption decreases the extent of hemoglobin aggregation. Together, the present and past data indicate that the extent of water of hydration associated with hemoglobin depends on the amount of salt present and the degree of aggregation of the hemoglobin molecules.