Lead Poisoning of Whistling Swans in Wisconsin

Abstract
More than 200 swans succumbed during the spring of 1964. Examination of 45 birds established that lead poisoning was responsible. Characteristic findings include: emaciation, enteritis, green diarrhea, a distended gall bladder, stained gizzard lining and liver, and lead pellets in the gizzard. The number of pellets recovered from affected birds ranged from 0-201 and averaged 50. To confirm a diagnosis of lead poisoning, necropsy findings and chemical analysis are essential.