Transcriptional profiling of a human papillomavirus 33–positive squamous epithelial cell line which acquired a selective growth advantage after viral integration

Abstract

Alterations in gene expression represent key events in carcinogenesis. We have studied HPV‐induced cervical carcinogenesis, using an HPV‐33‐positive cell line (UT‐DEC‐1) established from a low‐grade vaginal dysplasia (VAIN‐I). Early‐passage cells contained HPV‐33 in episomal form, but these were superseded at later passages by cells carrying only integrated virus. To gain insight into the biologic significance of HPV integration, we compared the level of gene expression in normal vaginal keratinocytes, early‐passage and late‐passage UT‐DEC‐1 cells, using cDNA microarrays. Total RNA was isolated from cells by CsCl‐gradient centrifugation, reverse‐transcribed with MMLV reverse transcriptase and labeled with α‐³²P ATP. A cDNA microarray expression profile analysis was performed with Clontech's Human Cancer 1.2 cDNA expression array kit. The 16 upregulated genes (cut‐off 2‐fold), identified by comparing both cell types to control keratinocytes, appeared to support cell‐cycle progression or to be functional in mitosis. These included, e.g., MCM4 DNA replication licensing factor, cdc2p34 and chromatin assembly factor 1 p48 subunit. Downregulated genes (44 altogether) interfered with apoptosis and cell adhesion, including the apoptosis‐inducing genes FRAP, Bik and caspase‐9 precursor. The most significant differences between the late and early passages (29 and 46 constantly up‐ and downregulated genes without any fluctuation) were overexpression of the transcription factors E2F5 with its dimerization partner DP1, NF‐κB and serine/threonine kinases and underexpression of enzymes of the MAPK pathway. Acquisition of a selective growth advantage after viral integration might be explained by a major shift from a MAPK pathway to cell‐cycle dysregulation (G₂/M).