Surface‐negative, slow‐potential shift associated with conditioning in man

Abstract

Using long time-constant recording techniques, paper write-out, magnetic tape storage, and electronic averaging, the phenomenon designated "contingent negative variation" (CNV) by W. Grey Walter and associates was studied in 63 human subjects. This surface-negative slow potential was demonstrated during operant conditioning and during semantically induced states of "preparation to respond." It was recorded epidurally and from the scalp. Its appearance does not depend upon a particular pattern of eye movement, GSR, heart rate, or respiration. Neither the intensity nor modality of the conditioning stimuli affects its appearance. The maximum field of the potential is generally anterior to the parietal region and near the midline of the head. The CNV appears to be a true correlate of the cerebral mechanism associated with cnation.