Critical evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity in terrestrial and marine mammals: Increasing impact of non-ortho and mono-ortho coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls from land to ocean

Abstract

Residues of potentially toxic non-ortho chlorine substituted coplanar 3,3′,4,4′-tetra-,3,3′,4,4′,5-penta-, 3,3′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl and their mono- and di-ortho analogs (2,3′,4,4′,5-penta-, 2,3,3′,4,4′-penta-, 2,3,3′,4,4′,5-hexa-and 2,2′,3,3′,4,4′-hexa-, 2,2′,3,4,4′,5-hexa-chlorobiphenyl) were determined in humans, dogs, cats (terrestrial), a finless porpoise (Neophocoena phocoenoides-coastal), Dall's porpoises (Phocoenoides dalli,dalli), Baird's beaked whales (Berardius bairdii) and killer whales (Orcinus orca-open ocean). Among the coplanar polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, the concentration of the di-ortho congeners was the highest and the non-ortho congeners was the lowest. However, all three coplanar PCBs occurred at significantly higher levels than toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The relative bioconcentration and metabolic capacity of terrestrial and marine mammals to these chemicals, suggest that the toxic threat of coplanar PCBs increases from land to ocean, but the reverse is true for PCDDs and PCDFs. The toxic threat of coplanar PCBs to higher aquatic predators such as cetaceans was principally assessed by 2,3,7,8-T₄CDD Toxic Equivalent Analysis which is based on the induction of arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD). Analysis indicates, in particular, that the bioaccumulation of toxic 3,3′,4,4′,5-penta- and 2,3,3′,4,4′-pentachlorobiphenyls in carnivorous marine mammals is a cause for considerable concern.