The Psychological Approach to Out-Of-Body Experiences: A Review of Early and Modem Developments

Abstract

This is a review of psychological approaches to out-of-body experiences (OBEs) since the 19th century. Some of the work discussed includes explanations of OBEs based on imaginal processes, telepathic hallucinations, and psychodynamic factors. Particularly important for their detail and empirical orientation are recent OBE theories of Blackmore, Irwin, and Palmer, and survey and experimental research examining psychological correlates of OBEs. The development of the psychological approach to OBE studies has been influenced by the field of parapsychology, and, particularly in recent times, by the interest in imagery and altered states of consciousness in psychology during the last three decades.