Abstract
1 As both the tricyclic antidepressives and the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors were discovered accidently, their pharmacology has been established on an empirical post hoc basis only. There are no convincing models of depression in the normal human. The classification of depression remains controversial; also the relationship between clinical depression, depressive reactions and pessimistic personality traits is unresolved. Antidepressive effects are demonstrable in lugubrious normals.