First-order theory and analysis of MF/HF/VHF scatter from the sea
- 1 January 1972
- journal article
- Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
- Vol. 20 (1), 2-10
- https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.1972.1140123
Abstract
Scatter from the sea near grazing from MF through VHF is analyzed in this paper. Results based on the compensation theorem show that the dependence upon the grazing angles, as well as upon frequency, range, and the effective surface impedance, can be removed for vertical polarization as the familiar "Norton attenuation factors." Time variation of the surface is included, and results are derived for both the average received power and its spectral density. The first-order dispersion relationship for gravity waves is used to show that the received spectrum from a patch of sea consists of two discrete Doppler shifts above and below the carrier, predictable from simple Bragg diffraction considerations. Using the Phillips wind-wave model as an upper limit for wave heights, estimates for\sigma^{0}(radar cross section per unit area) of - 17 dB are obtained near grazing. Both the magnitude of\sigma_{\upsilon\nu}^{0}predicted from theory and the nature of the received spectrum are compared with measurements, and the agreement supports the theory on both counts. Finally, the use of MF/HF radars for measuring sea state is suggested and discussed.Keywords
This publication has 16 references indexed in Scilit:
- An experimental study of a sea clutter modelProceedings of the IEEE, 1970
- High Frequency Radar Sea Return and the Phillips Saturation ConstantNature, 1969
- Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Over a Constant Impedance PlaneRadio Science, 1969
- Coherence of Acoustic Signals Reradiated from the Time-Varying Surface of the OceanThe Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1969
- Very high frequency radiowave scattering by a disturbed sea surface Part I: Scattering from a slightly disturbed boundaryIEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1968
- A Review of Scattering From Surfaces With Different Roughness ScalesRadio Science, 1968
- An Introduction to Electromagnetic Surface Wave PropagationIEEE Transactions on Education, 1968
- A new model for sea clutterIEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1968
- Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun’s GlitterJournal of the Optical Society of America, 1954
- Application of the compensation theorem to certain radiation and propagation problemsProceedings of the IEE - Part III: Radio and Communication Engineering, 1951