Validity of fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci as indicators of viruses in chlorinated primary sewage effluents
- 30 November 1978
- journal article
- research article
- Published by American Society for Microbiology in Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Vol. 36 (6), 880-884
- https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.36.6.880-884.1978
Abstract
Quantities of combined chlorine that usually destroyed more than 99.999% of the indigenous fecal coliforms, total coliforms, and fecal streptococci in primary sewage effluents destroyed only 85 to 99% of the indigenous viruses present. Viruses were recovered from five of eight chlorinated primary effluents from which fecal coliforms were not recovered by standard most-probable-number procedures. The limited volumes of such chlorinated effluents that can be tested for indicator bacteria with currently available multiple-tube and membrane filter techniques restrict the value of fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, and even total coliforms as indicators of viruses in these effluents. Although fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci are useful indicators of viruses in effluents from which these bacteria are recovered, the absence of these bacteria and even total coliforms from disinfected effluents (in standard tests) does not assure that viruses are also absent.This publication has 4 references indexed in Scilit:
- BGM, a continuous cell line more sensitive than primary rhesus and African green kidney cells for the recovery of viruses from water.1974
- Enterovirus concentration on cellulose membranes.1972
- Recovery of small quantities of viruses from clean waters on cellulose nitrate membrane filters.1971
- Minimal infective dose of attenuated poliovirus for man.American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health, 1967