Autodecremental Pacing—A Microprocessor Based Modality for the Termination of Paroxysmal Tachycardias

Abstract

Five patients aged between 27 and 48 years were referred for investigation of recurrent paroxysmal tachycardias. Electrophysiological studies revealed concealed ventriculoatrial accessory pathways in two patients, possible atrionodal pathways in two patients and dual intranodal pathways in one patient. During electrophysiological study, particular attention was paid to methods of terminating tachycardia by pacing techniques including single or double atrial and ventricular extrastimuli, atrial or ventricular underdrive, atrial overdrive pacing, and in two patients, rapid ventricular pacing. 'Autodecremental' atrial pacing was employed in all five patients and autodecremental ventricular pacing in two patients. This system is controlled by a microprocessor interfaced with a stimulator. When tachycardia of a cycle length less than 375 ms is sensed the system initiates pacing sequences. The initial stimulus is introduced at an interval less than the tachycardia cycle determined by a preset decremental value D. Each subsequent pacing interval is reduced by the value of D resulting in a gradual acceleration of pacing. The total duration of pacing is limited by the value of the pacing period (P). The final pacing rate is determined by P but cannot exceed 275 bpm (cycle length of 218 ms). Both P and D are operator programmable variables. Tachycardias of a cycle length less than 218 ms do not activate the pacemaker. The postpacing sensing deadtime of the system is set at 50 ms. In three patients, double atrial extrastimuli or atrial overdrive initiated atrial flutter or fibrillation. Autodecremental atrial pacing was successful in converting tachycardia to sinus rhythm in all five patients without initiation of other tachyarrhythmias. Autodecremental ventricular pacing was successful in one of the two patients in which it was used. This new modality of pacing has several theoretical advantages over conventional methods: the decremental mode may avoid stimulation in the vulnerable period and minimizes the risk of initiating other tachyarrhythmias; gradual acceleration of pacing over a short period results in stimulation at different phases of the tachycardia cycle length; and the operator variables D and P provide a flexible system which may be adjusted to suit a particular patient and tachycardia. The development of a fully implantable programmable system is made attractive by the simplicity and adaptability of this technique.