The solution structure of echistatin: evidence for disulphide bond rearrangement in homologous snake toxins

Abstract

The solution structure of the fibrinogen antagonist, echistatin, has been determined by a combination of NMR and simulated annealing methods. While the structure of the disulphidelinked core is well-defined by the NMR data, the N- and C-termini and the loop bearing the RGD sequence (which is responsible for the fibrinogen antagonist properties) are poorly defined. The pattern of disulphide bridges, which could not be determined by classical methods, was predicted by a statistical analysis of the simulated annealing structures. This pattern is distinct from that for the homologous protein kistrin, leading to the novel suggestion that homologous proteins possess non-conserved patterns of disuiphide bridges.