Back-Calculating Baseline Creatinine with MDRD Misclassifies Acute Kidney Injury in the Intensive Care Unit

Abstract

Background and objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the viability of back-calculation with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula to determine baseline creatinine on the basis of acute kidney injury (AKI) metrics, RIFLE criteria, and Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria for the purpose of clinical trial outcomes or epidemiology. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: This study was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from patients with measured baseline creatinines before entry to the intensive care unit (ICU). The AKI status was determined using five different baseline creatinines: the measured creatinine (the standard) and an estimated creatinine determined by back-calculation using MDRD assuming a GFR of 75 ml/min (epCr₇₅), 100 ml/min (epCr₁₀₀), randomly generating a value on a lognormal curve (epCr_Rnd), and choosing the lowest creatinine value within the first week in the ICU (epCr_low). A subgroup of patients without chronic kidney disease (CKD) was similarly analyzed. Results: Of 224 patients, 70 (31%) had AKI according to RIFLE and 93 (42%) according to AKIN. The epCr₇₅ and epCr₁₀₀ distributions greatly overestimated the proportion with AKI. The epCr_low overestimated AKI according to AKIN but correctly estimated AKI according to RIFLE. The mean of 1000 epCr_Rnd distributions correctly estimated AKI according to RIFLE and AKIN. Each estimated distribution performed better in the non-CKD population with the exception of epCr_Rnd. However, only the epCr_low distribution accurately determined the proportion with AKI. Conclusions: A measured rather than estimated value should be used for baseline creatinine in trials or epidemiologic studies of AKI.