Energetics of large lattice strains: Application to silicon

Abstract
We discuss the mathematical formalism of physically allowed lattice-invariant strains. When coupled with first-principles calculations of the energy as a function of strain, this approach becomes a powerful tool for understanding large lattice strains in solids. We also present an application of this tool to explore deformations of silicon, which predicts, to our knowledge, a previously unknown metastable structure. The physical properties of this structure are described and a method for obtaining it experimentally is explicitly provided.