A Study of "Spread?F" Ionospheric Echoes at Night at Brisbane. I. Range Spreading (Experimental)

Abstract

At frequencies well below the critical frequency, satellite echoes sometimes accompany the night-time F2 echo, sometimes clearly separated, sometimes overlapping. In an investigation of these range multiplets, in addition to routine P'f sounding records, continuous virtual range measurements at fixed frequency (at stations of various separations), and measurements of mean intensities, phase-path changes, and directions of arrival, have been carried out.