Cinematographic Observations of the Movements of Bull Sperm Cells

Abstract

Measurements are described of the movements of bull sperm cells, with the aid of cinemicrographs. A description of the normal type of movement and a pathologic type is described. The normal cells rotate, and swim in approximately straight orbits, whereas the pathologic ones do not rotate and swim in a circular orbit. The forward movement is related quadratically to the amplitude of the tail wave. The experimental data are compared with calculations on models made by G. I. Taylor and by Gray and Hancock.