Black widow spider toxin-induced calcium fluxes and transmitter release in a neurosecretory cell line

Abstract

Several polypeptide neurotoxins affect presynaptic functions by interfering with chemical neurotransmission. This group of toxins includes botulinum toxin¹, tetanus toxin², β-bungarotoxin³ and black widow spider toxin (BWSTx)^4–6. While the effect of the first three toxins is mainly a rapid and severe block of neurotransmitter release, BWSTx affects transmission by a massive stimulation of mediator release^4–6. Despite various hypotheses put forward to explain the action of BWSTx at the level of nerve terminals, there is still a considerable degree of uncertainty as to the cation dependence of venom action^7–11. Study of the toxin mode of action at the biochemical level has been hampered by the complexity and cellular heterogeneity of the preparations used, neuromuscular junction¹⁰ or synaptosomes⁶. PC12 cell line, derived from a rat phaeochromocytoma¹², seems to be an excellent model in view of its property of synthesising and storing noradrenaline, dopamine and acetylcholine, and releasing them in depolarising conditions¹³. We have recently shown that highly purified BWSTx stimulates secretion from PC12 cells of previously taken up radioactive dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) (ref. 14 and manuscript in preparation). We report here that the earliest detectable event after toxin treatment of such cells is a massive increase of cytosolic calcium.