Role of Protein Flexibility in Enzymatic Catalysis: Quantum Mechanical−Molecular Mechanical Study of the Deacylation Reaction in Class A β-Lactamases

Abstract

We present a theoretical study of a mechanism for the hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme complex formed by a class A β-lactamase (TEM1) and an antibiotic (penicillanate), as a part of the process of antibiotic's inactivation by this type of enzymes. In the presented mechanism the carboxylate group of a particular residue (Glu166) activates a water molecule, accepting one of its protons, and afterward transfers this proton directly to the acylated serine residue (Ser70). In our study we employed a quantum mechanics (AM1)−molecular mechanics partition scheme (QM/MM) where all the atoms of the system were allowed to relax. For this purpose we used the GRACE procedure in which part of the system is used to define the Hessian matrix while the rest is relaxed at each step of the stationary structures search. By use of this computational scheme, the hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme is described as a three-step process: The first step corresponds to the proton transfer from the hydrolytic water molecule to the carboxylate group of Glu166 and the subsequent formation of a tetrahedral adduct as a consequence of the attack of this activated water molecule to the carbonyl carbon atom of the β-lactam. In the second step, the acyl-enzyme bond is broken, obtaining a negatively charged Ser70. In the last step this residue is protonated by means of a direct proton transfer from Glu166. The large mobility of Glu166, a residue that is placed in a Ω-loop, is essential to facilitate this mechanism. The geometry of the acyl-enzyme complex shows a large distance between Glu166 and Ser70 and thus, if protein coordinates were kept frozen during the reaction path, it would be difficult to get a direct proton transfer between these two residues. This computational study shows how a flexible treatment suggests the feasibility of a mechanism that could have been discounted on the basis of crystallographic positions.