Spatial patterns of modern diatom distribution and multiple paleolimnological records from a small arctic lake on Baffin Island, Arctic Canada

Abstract

The assumption that within-lake, deep-water sedimentary diatom assemblages are relatively uniform and that a single core is sufficient to depict lake ontogeny was tested for a small tarn on the southwestern Cumberland Peninsula of Baffin Island, Northwest Territories. Diatom transport and deposition were evaluated through analyses of periphytic, planktonic, and epipelic habitats. Diatom stratigraphies of four cores were used to test whether or not trends are comparable in different regions of the lake and throughout the Holocene. Among 12 surface-sediment stations, diatom distributions were alternately highly equitable or variable. Valves of evenly distributed genera (Aulacoseira and Achnanthes) are mixed in the water column prior to deposition. This is supported by plankton tow and periphyton samples, which were respectively dominated by Aulacoseira distans (and varieties) and Achnanthes altaica. Conversely, frequencies of several benthic taxa (e.g., Pinnularia biceps, species of Eunotia) varied up to 30% between stations, in patterns unrelated to water depth, and reflecting habitat specificity and minimal transport prior to burial. Of the four cores (38.0–95.5 cm), analysis of the two longest revealed three distinct zones: (i) a zone dominated by species of Fragilaria (> 9000 BP); (ii) a zone containing benthic acidophilic diatoms indicating natural acidification (9000–7000 BP); and (iii) a zone characterized by numerous species of Aulacoseira ranging from the mid to late Holocene. Clear differentiation of the lower two zones was impossible in the shorter cores, and radiocarbon dates suggest that sediment reworking truncated the earliest records of organic sedimentation at these sites. Correspondence analysis facilitated comparisons of the diatom stratigraphies and enabled the evaluation of core reproducibility. Central cores preserve the most useful paleolimnological records in this environment. Keywords: diatoms, paleolimnology, Arctic Canada, Baffin Island.