Intracellular metabolism of favipiravir (T-705) in uninfected and influenza A (H5N1) virus-infected cells

Abstract

To determine the metabolism of favipiravir (T-705, 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) to its ribosylated, triphosphorylated form (T-705 RTP) in uninfected and influenza A/Duck/MN/1525/81 (H5N1) virus-infected cells. Effects of treatment on intracellular guanosine triphosphate (GTP) pools and influenza virus-inhibitory activity were also assessed. A strong anion exchange HPLC separation method with UV detection was used to quantify T-705 RTP and GTP levels in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells. Antiviral activity was determined by virus yield reduction assay. Accumulation of T-705 RTP in uninfected cells increased linearly from 3 to 320 pmol/10⁶ cells in cells exposed to 1–1000 µM extracellular T-705 for 24 h, approaching maximum levels by 9 h. Virus infection did not result in greater T-705 RTP accumulation compared with uninfected cells. Catabolism of T-705 RTP occurred after removal of T-705 from the extracellular medium, with a half-life of decay of 5.6 ± 0.6 h. Based upon these results, short-term incubation of T-705 with H5N1 virus-infected cells was predicted to provide an antiviral benefit. Indeed, 4–8 h 10–100 µM T-705 treatment of cells resulted in virus yield reductions, but less than continuous exposure. A 100-fold higher extracellular concentration of T-705 was required to inhibit intracellular GTP levels compared with ribavirin, which helps explain ribavirin's greater toxicity. The favourable intracellular metabolic properties of T-705 combined with its reduced cell-inhibitory properties make this compound an attractive candidate for treating human influenza virus infections.