Networking performance for microkernels

Abstract
Performance measurements of network protocolsin microkernel systems have been discouraging;typically 2 to 5 times slower than comparablemacrokernel systems. This disparity hasled many to conclude that the microkernel approach,where protocols reside at user-level, isinherently flawed and that protocols must beplaced in the kernel to get reasonable performance.We show that user-level network protocolshave performed poorly because they relyon code designed to run in a kernel...

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