Solution Structure of a Novel Tryptophan-Rich Peptide with Bidirectional Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

Trp-rich antimicrobial peptides play important roles in the host innate defense mechanisms of many plants, insects, and mammals. A new type of Trp-rich peptide, Ac-KWRRWVRWI-NH₂, designated Pac-525, was found to possess improved activity against both gram-positive and -negative bacteria. We have determined that the solution structures of Pac-525 bound to membrane-mimetic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. The SDS micelle-bound structure of Pac-525 adopts an α-helical segment at residues Trp2, Arg3, and Arg4. The positively charged residues are clustered together to form a hydrophilic patch. The three hydrophobic residues Trp2, Val6, and Ile9 form a hydrophobic core. The surface electrostatic potential map indicates the three tryptophan indole rings are packed against the peptide backbone and form an amphipathic structure. Moreover, the reverse sequence of Pac-525, Ac-IWRVWRRWK-NH₂, designated Pac-525_rev, also demonstrates similar antimicrobial activity and structure in membrane-mimetic micelles and vesicles. A variety of biophysical and biochemical methods, including circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, and microcalorimetry, were used to show that Pac-525 interacted strongly with negatively charged phospholipid vesicles and induced efficient dye release from these vesicles, suggesting that the antimicrobial activity of Pac-525 may be due to interactions with bacterial membranes.