Electroplating with Modulated Current

Abstract

The adjective “modulated” is proposed for any current that undergoes some changes of value, either absolute or of sign, which change is repeated periodically and whereby a great number of cycles is used in one electroplating operation. The different forms of modulated current and ways of producing them are described, and the importance of the parameters of such current is discussed. A review is given of the literature of the use of modulated current in electroplating, with the exclusion of anodic oxidation and the formation of conversion coatings.