Domain organization of calbindin D28k as determined from the association of six synthetic EF‐hand fragments

Abstract

Calbindin D_28k is an intracellular Ca²⁺-binding protein containing six subdomains of EF-hand type. The number and identity of the globular domains within this protein have been elucidated using six synthetic peptide fragments, each corresponding to one EF-hand subdomain. All six peptides were mixed in equimolar amounts in the presence of 10 mM Ca²⁺ to allow for the reconstitution of domains. The mixture was compared to native calbindin D_28k and to the sum of the properties of the individual peptides using circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence, and ¹H NMR spectroscopy, as well as gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. It was anticipated that if the peptides associate to form native-like domains, the properties would be similar to those of the intact protein, whereas if they did not interact, they would be the same as the properties of the isolated peptides. The results show that the peptides in the mixture interact with one another. For example, the CD and fluorescence spectra for the mixture are very similar to those of the intact calbindin D_28k suggesting that the mixed EF-hand fragments associate to form a native-like structure. To determine the number of domains and the subdomain composition of each domain in calbindin D_28k, a variety of peptide combinations containing two to five EF-hand fragments were studied. The spectral and chromatographic properties of all the mixtures containing less than six peptides were closer to the sum of the properties of the relevant individual peptides than to the mixture of the six peptides. The results strongly suggest that all six EF-hands are packed into one globular domain. The association of the peptide fragments is observed to drive the folding of the individual subdomains. For example, one of the fragments, EF2, which is largely unstructured in isolation even in the presence of high concentrations of Ca²⁺, is considerably more structured in the presence of the other peptides, as judged by CD difference spectroscopy. The CD data also suggest that the packing between the individual subdomains is specific.