Nitrate Leaching from Cattle Urine and Feces in Northeast USA

Abstract
Management intensive grazing (MIG) is a grazing system in which animals at a high stocking density are rotated frequently through a series of paddocks in a manner that maximizes both forage yield and quality. Although MIG has the potential to increase dairy farm profitability in the U.S. Northeast, the uneven recycling of N through feces and urine can increase NO3‐N leaching. The extent to which NO3‐N can leach from beneath urine and fecal spots under soil and climatic conditions of the Northeast is not known. We conducted a field study to measure NO3‐N leaching loss from spring‐, summer‐, and fall‐applied urine and summer‐applied fecal beneath N‐fertilized orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., cv. Pennlate) using 60‐cm‐diameter by 90‐cm‐deep drainage lysimeters. The study site was located in central Pennsylvania on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Averaged across the 3 yr of the study, NO3‐N losses were 1.17, 1.68, 22.0, 24.0, and 31.5 g m‐2 for the control, feces, and spring‐, summer‐, and fall‐applied urine, respectively. These losses represent about 2% of the N applied in the feces and about 18, 28, and 31% of the spring‐, summer‐, and fall‐applied urine N. If dairy farmers in the Northeast continue to increase the utilization of MIG, the amount of N leached to the groundwater from beneath pastures could become substantial if not mitigated by improved grazing management.