Solid-state highly fluorescent diphenylaminospirobifluorenylfumaronitrile red emitters for non-doped organic light-emitting diodes

Abstract
Bright (maximum 11 000 cd m–2 and 500 cd m–2 at 20 mA cm–2) and efficient (maximum external quantum efficiency of 3.1% at 1 mA cm–2) red (CIE, x = 0.66, y = 0.34) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) employ arylaminospirobifluorene-substituted fumaronitriles as the novel non-dopant red emitter.