Sub-150 °C processed meso-superstructured perovskite solar cells with enhanced efficiency

Abstract

The ability to process amorphous or polycrystalline solar cells at low temperature (3NH₃PbX₃ (X = Cl, I or Br) material is processed at low temperature. However the first embodiments of the solar cell were composed of high temperature processed (500 °C) compact and mesoporous layers of TiO₂. The sintering of the mesoporous TiO₂ has been negated by replacing this with a mesoporous insulating scaffold in the meso-superstructured solar cell (MSSC), yet the high temperature processed compact TiO₂ layer still persists in the most efficient devices. Here we have realised a low temperature route for compact TiO₂, tailored for perovskite MSSC operation. With our optimized formulation we demonstrate full sun solar power conversion efficiencies of up to 15.9% in an all low temperature processed solar cell.