Effect of inhibitor time-dependency on selectivity towards cyclooxygenase isoforms

Abstract

Cyclooxygenase (Cox) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and, as such, is the target of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Two isoforms exist, being expressed constitutively (Cox-1), or inducibly in response to inflammatory mediators (Cox-2). Currently available NSAIDs inhibit both isoforms somewhat equipotently but selective Cox-2 inhibition may eliminate unwanted side effects. We have characterized the kinetic mechanisms of the interactions of purified recombinant human cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (hCox-1, hCox-2) with the selective Cox-2 inhibitor N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulphonamide (NS-398) and some classical non-selective NSAIDs. NS-398, flurbiprofen, meclofenamic acid and indomethacin are time-dependent, irreversible inhibitors of hCox-2. The inhibition is consistent with a two-step process, involving an initial rapid equilibrium binding of enzyme and inhibitor, characterized by Ki, followed by the slow formation of a tightly bound enzyme-inhibitor complex, characterized by a first-order rate constant kon. NS-398 is a time-independent inhibitor of hCox-1, consistent with the formation of a reversible enzyme-inhibitor complex. Flurbiprofen, meclofenamic acid and indomethacin are also time-dependent inhibitors of hCox-1 and hence show little selectivity for one isoform over the other. Flufenamic acid is time independent towards both isoforms and is also non-selective. The high degree of selectivity of NS-398 towards Cox-2 results therefore from the difference in the nature of the time-dependency of inhibition of the two isoforms.