Ursodeoxycholic Acid May Inhibit Deoxycholic Acid-Induced Apoptosis by Modulating Mitochondrial Transmembrane Potential and Reactive Oxygen Species Production

Abstract

The hydrophilic bile salt ursodeoxycholate (UDCA) inhibits injury by hydrophobic bile acids and is used to treat cholestatic liver diseases. Interestingly, hepatocyte cell death from bile acid-induced toxicity occurs more frequently from apoptosis than from necrosis. However, both processes appear to involve the mitochondrial membrane permeability transition (MPT). In this study, we determined the inhibitory effect of UDCA on deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced MPT in isolated mitochondria by measuring changes in transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, we examined the expression of apoptosis-associated proteins in mitochondria isolated from livers of bile acid-fed animals. Adult male rats were maintained on standard diet supplemented with DCA and/or UDCA for 10 days. Mitochondria were isolated from livers by sucrose/percoll gradient centrifugation and MPT was measured using spectrophotometric and fluorimetric assays. ΔΨm and ROS generation were determined by FACScan analysis. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein abundance were determined by Western blot analysis. DCA increased mitochondrial swelling 25-fold over controls (p < 0.001); UDCA reduced the swelling by >40% (p < 0.001). Similarly, UDCA inhibited DCA-mediated release of calcein-loaded mitochondria by 50% (p < 0.001). ΔΨm was significantly decreased in mitochondria incubated with DCA but not with UDCA. ΔΨm disruption was followed closely by increased superoxide anion and peroxides production (p < 0.01). Coincubation of mitochondria with UDCA significantly inhibited the changes associated with DCA (p < 0.05). In vivo, DCA feeding was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in mitochondria-associated Bax protein levels (p < 0.001); combination feeding with UDCA almost totally inhibited this increase (p < 0.001). UDCA significantly reduces DCA-induced disruption of ΔΨm, ROS production, and Bax protein abundance in mitochondria, suggesting both short- and long-term mechanisms in preventing MPT. The results suggest a possible role for UDCA as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of both hepatic and nonhepatic diseases associated with high levels of apoptosis.