A Histidine-Rich Extensin from Zea mays Is an Arabinogalactan Protein

Abstract

Earlier we isolated a threonine-rich extensin from maize (Zea mays). Here, we report that maize cell suspension cultures yield a new extensin rich in histidine (HHRGP) that also has characteristics of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). Thus, chymotryptic peptide maps of anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF)-deglycosylated HHRGP showed repetitive motifs related to both extensins and AGPs as follows. HHRGP contains Ala-Hyp₃ and Ala-Hyp₄ repeats that may be related to the classical dicot Ser-Hyp₄ extensin motif by the single T → G (Ser → Ala) base change. Furthermore, HHRGP also contains the repetitive motif Ala-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-His-Phe-Pro-Ser-Hyp-Hyp related to the Ser-Hyp₄-Ser-Hyp-Ser-Hyp₄ motif of P3-type dicot extensin. However, HHRGP also has AGP characteristics, notably an elevated alanine content, near sequence identity with the known Lolium AGP peptide Ser-Hyp-Hyp-Ala-Pro-Ala-Pro, the putative presence of glucuronoarabinogalactan, and precipitation by Yariv antigen, but β-elimination of arabinogalactan indicates its O-linkage to serine rather than the characteristic O-hydroxyproline link of other AGPs. Although HHRGP might be a “chimera” of two different proteins, i.e. an extensin and an AGP, this is unlikely because one can account for the apparent chimera by the codon relationships of the five common hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein amino acid residues, Ser, Pro, Thr, Ala (TCx, CCx, ACx, GCx) and histidine (CAT or CAC), which facilitate interconversion of major motifs by single point mutations. Thus, we propose that the extensin family of wall proteins consists of a highly diversified phylogenetic series ranging from basic minimally glycosylated repetitive pro-rich proteins to the highly glycosylated acidic AGPs. To relate this diversity of form and function at the molecular level, we identified putative functional domains hypothetically involved in properties such as reptation, recognition, adhesion, intermolecular cross-linkage, and self-assembly. Not previously noted, peptide palindromes feature prominently in HHRGP: Hyp-Hyp-Ala-Ala-Asn-Ala-Ala-Hyp-Hyp and Hyp-Hyp-Hyp-His-His-His-Hyp-Hyp-Hyp; in P3: Hyp₄-Ser-Hyp-Ser-Hyp₄, and in other extensins. Such palindromes would enhance glycoprotein stereoregularity, thereby possibly promoting quasicrystalline interactions between wall components.