Conversion reactions for sodium-ion batteries
- 14 August 2013
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) in Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
- Vol. 15 (38), 15876-15887
- https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp52125g
Abstract
Research on sodium-ion batteries has recently been rediscovered and is currently mainly focused on finding suitable electrode materials that enable cell reactions of high energy densities combined with low cost. Naturally, an assessment of potential electrode materials requires a rational comparison with the analogue reaction in lithium-ion batteries. In this paper, we systematically discuss the broad range of different conversion reactions for sodium-ion batteries based on their basic thermodynamic properties and compare them with their lithium analogues. Capacities, voltages, energy densities and volume expansions are summarized to sketch out the scope for future studies in this research field. We show that for a given conversion electrode material, replacing lithium by sodium leads to a constant shift in cell potential ΔEo (Li–Na) depending on the material class. For chlorides ΔEo (Li–Na) equals nearly zero. The theoretical energy densities of conversion reactions of sodium with fluorides or chlorides as positive electrode materials typically reach values between 700 W h kg−1 and 1000 W h kg−1. Next to the thermodynamic assessment, results on several conversion reactions between copper compounds (CuS, CuO, CuCl, CuCl2) and sodium are being discussed. Reactions with CuS and CuO were chosen because these compounds are frequently studied for conversion reactions with lithium. Chlorides are interesting because of ΔEo (Li–Na) ≈ 0 V. As a result of chloride solubility in the electrolyte, the conversion process proceeds at defined potentials under rather small kinetic limitations.Keywords
This publication has 68 references indexed in Scilit:
- Cu2Se with facile synthesis as a cathode material for rechargeable sodium batteriesChemical Communications, 2013
- Comprehensive X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of the Conversion Reaction Mechanism of CuO in Lithiated Thin Film ElectrodesThe Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2013
- A rechargeable room-temperature sodium superoxide (NaO2) batteryNature Materials, 2012
- Tracking lithium transport and electrochemical reactions in nanoparticlesNature Communications, 2012
- Electrochemical properties of room temperature sodium–air batteries with non-aqueous electrolyteElectrochemistry Communications, 2011
- Conversion Reaction Mechanisms in Lithium Ion Batteries: Study of the Binary Metal Fluoride ElectrodesJournal of the American Chemical Society, 2011
- Carboxymethylcellulose and carboxymethylcellulose-formate as binders in MgH2–carbon composites negative electrode for lithium-ion batteriesJournal of Power Sources, 2010
- Deciphering the multi-step degradation mechanisms of carbonate-based electrolyte in Li batteriesJournal of Power Sources, 2007
- Electrochemical behaviors of CuS as a cathode material for lithium secondary batteriesJournal of Power Sources, 2002
- D-Size Lithium Cupric Sulfide CellsJournal of the Electrochemical Society, 1972