Zinc inhibition of calmodulin: A proposed molecular mechanism of zinc action on cellular functions

Abstract
Ca stimulates, and Zn inhibits a wide variety of cell types. In the [human] erythrocyte, Ca and Zn had antagonistic actions in a variety of systems. An important mechanism for Ca effects on cells is activation of calmodulin. Calmodulin is a small ubiquitous protein which, when activated by Ca, has a large array of cellular regulatory functions. Calmodulin function was inhibited by low concentrations of Zn. Zn inhibition of calmodulin provided a rational molecular mechanism for the diverse cellular inhibitory effects of Zn and for Zn antagonism of Ca effects.