THE EFFECT OF TIME AND COHORT DIFFERENCES ON THE INTERPRETATION OF AGE CHANGES IN COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR

Abstract

The Primary Mental Abilities Test and the Test of Behavioral Rigidity were administered to 1060 Ss obtained by stratified-random sampling of the membership of a prepaid medical plan. Independent samples of 26 men and 26 women in each five-year interval in the age range from 21 to 76 years were tested in 1966 and 1963. Composite longitudinal and cross-sectional padients were constructed and examined for the effect of time and cohort differences. Time difference is defined as that component of change between two successive measurements within the same generation which is due t o environmental experience. Cohort difference is defined as the difference in scores obtained by successive generations when measured at the same age level. Positive cohort and time differences were found for most unspeeded tasks while negative cohort and time differences occurred for the speeded tasks. It was concluded that cross-sectional studies tend to overestimate decrement on unspeeded tasks due to the effect of increasingly fav...