Electrolytic Reduction of Organic Compounds

Abstract
The influence of various factors on the material yield of the aminophenol from 2‐chloro‐6‐nitrotoluene has been investigated. The most significant increase resulted from efficient agitation best attained by high speed rotation of a disk cathode. Under these conditions current efficiency, already high, increased to virtually 100%. The effect of agitation shows that the slowest step in the process is diffusion controlled. Cathodes of monel and copper were tried. Amalgamation of the surface raised material yield of aminophenol from 21 to 58 per cent with a stationary cathode and 37 to 71 per cent with a rotating copper cathode. Increase both of temperature and of acid strength also raised material yield of aminophenol by an effect, it is believed, on rate of rearrangement of intermediate hydroxylamine. Increase in the ratio of nitrocompound to acid electrolyte reduced yield of aminophenol because of the formation of tarry products. Yield of amine, the only other simple chemical product, remained constant showing that the tarry products resulted by reaction of intermediate hydroxylamine with nitrocompound. Current density was increased from 0.4 to 4 amp/dm2 using a rotating cathode without seriously affecting yield. This contrasts strongly with the effect of a similar change with a stationary electrode which causes yield to drop almost by half. Using preferred conditions (20 per cent acid, rotating amalgamated monel cathode, 90°C, 2.7 amp/dm2) the following nitrocompounds were reduced to give aminophenols in the material yields indicated: 4‐chloro‐2‐nitrotoluene (82), o‐nitrotoluene (74), o‐chloronitrobenzene (76), 2,5‐dichloronitrobenzone (72), and nitrobenzene (72).