The effects of selection for number of ears on the yield and water economy of winter wheat

Abstract

SUMMARY: Selections for high (H) and low (L) number of ears were made from crosses between three pairs of winter wheat varieties. By the F₅ generation there were consistent, heritable differences between H and L selections in each cross. In an irrigated trial the H lines outyielded the L lines even in one experiment where compensatory increases occurred in the weight of grain per ear of the L lines. Drought for the 5 weeks before an thesis reduced the final number of ears of the H lines by 14% but did not affect the final number of ears of the L lines. This reduction in the final number of ears of H lines resulted in them being outyielded by L lines by 8%. Drought from anthesis to maturity did not significantly reduce grain yields of either H or L lines below their values under full irrigation.When fully irrigated, the evapotranspiration of H and L lines from 1 April until maturity was approximately 360 mm. The drought before anthesis reduced water use to about 320 mm, there being no difference between selections in total water use by the crops during this period. However, the L lines extracted significantly more water from the soil below a depth of 0.9 m during this drought than the H lines, and this appeared to make the L lines less susceptible to drought at this stage. Water use by the crop during the late drought could not be reliably estimated because by this time water was being extracted from below the level of the neutron probe access tubes.It is concluded that in an environment where a pre-anthesis drought is unlikely to occur, varieties with high ear-bearing capacity may give the best yields. Selection for types showing a limited tillering capacity may prove to be an effective compromise in regions with erratic rainfall where pre-anthesis droughts can occur.