Local vs Average Behavior on Inhomogeneous Structures: Recurrence on the Average and a Further Extension of Mermin-Wagner Theorem on Graphs

Abstract

Spontaneous breaking of a continuous symmetry cannot occur on a recursive structure, where a random walker returns to its starting point with probability $F=1\mathrm{}$. However, some examples showed that the inverse is not true. We explain this by further extension of the previous theorem. Indeed, even if $F<\mathrm{}1\mathrm{}$ everywhere, its average over all the points can be 1. We prove that even on these recursive on the average structures the average spontaneous magnetization of $O\left(n\right)$ and Heisenberg models is always 0. This difference between local and average behavior is fundamental in inhomogeneous structures and requires a “doubling” of physical parameters such as spectral dimension and critical exponents.