This review briefly outlines the current treatment modalities for proliferative vitreoretinopathy, such as scleral buckling procedures and vitrectomy with gas or silicone oil tamponade. Some new technical developments, eg, a multiport illumination system, are presented. The cellular composition of periretinal membranes, the components of the extracellular matrix, the breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier, the cellular proliferation, and the role of the immune system are discussed. Finally, adjuvant treatment modalities are discussed, eg, perfusion with daunorubicin or experimental treatment with retinoids, immunotoxins, or radiation.